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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ mkdir -p a/b/c

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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ tree a
a
`-- b
`-- c
2 directories, 0 files

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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ rmdir a/b/c
[changyongid@Fedora test]$ tree a
a
`-- b
1 directory, 0 files

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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ touch a/b/test
[changyongid@Fedora test]$ tree a
a
`-- b
`-- test
1 directory, 1 file

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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ rmdir a/b/
rmdir: failed to remove `a/b/': Directory not empty

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[changyongid@Fedora test]$ tree a
a
|-- b
| `-- test
`-- c
2 directories, 1 file

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[changyongid@Fedora c]$ vim ../b/test

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[changyongid@Fedora c]$ ls --help
\Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information)
with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] control whether color is used to distinguish file
types. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents,
and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format
(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control
characters specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default
unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,
extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification
time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,
or status -c; use specified time as sort key
if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE:
full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is
FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;
if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE
takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time
with -l: show access time and sort by name
otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
SELinux options:
--lcontext Display security context. Enable -l. Lines
will probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context Display security context so it fits on most
displays. Displays only mode, user, group,
security context and file name.
--scontext Display only security context and file name.
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:
kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connected
to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence the
colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

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可以試一下以下幾個選項
ls -l
ls -a
ls -la
ls -sh
ls -i
ls -1
這里就不一一列出來了

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[changyongid@localhost test]$ ls
test.c
[changyongid@localhost test]$ cp test.c tt //直接復制。后面的路徑可以是另外的目錄里
[changyongid@localhost test]$ ls
test.c tt
[changyongid@localhost test]$ cp -l test.c ll //用-l 鏈接一下，可以看到實際上是做了個硬鏈接
[changyongid@localhost test]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 2 changyongid changyongid 0 2009-09-16 08:53 ll
-rw-rw-r-- 2 changyongid changyongid 0 2009-09-16 08:53 test.c
-rw-rw-r-- 1 changyongid changyongid 0 2009-09-16 08:54 tt

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[changyongid@Fedora ~]$ basename /usr/include/stdio.h
stdio.h
[changyongid@Fedora ~]$ basename /usr/include/stdio.h .h
stdio

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[changyongid@Fedora ~]$ dirname ../linux/.bashrc
../linux
[changyongid@Fedora ~]$ dirname /etc/passwd
/etc

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匯編文件
$ file head.S
head.S: ASCII C program text
c源文件
$ file main.c
main.c: ASCII C program text
mp3文件
$ file ~/Documents/music/english/001.At\ last.MP3
/home/changyongid/Documents/music/english/001.At last.MP3: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 320 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo
下載到板上的
$ file -b vivi
DBase 3 index file
可執行的
$ file -b tmp.o
ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1, statically linked, not stripped
目錄
$ file study/
study/: directory

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tree --help
usage: tree [-adfghilnpqrstuvxACDFNS] [-H baseHREF] [-T title ] [-L level [-R]]
[-P pattern] [-I pattern] [-o filename] [--version] [--help] [--inodes]
[--device] [--noreport] [--nolinks] [--dirsfirst] [--charset charset]
[--filelimit #] []
-a 列出所有文件
-d 只列出目錄
-l 如遇到符號鏈接，則直接列出其所指向的目錄
-f 顯示完整路徑
-i 不以階梯狀列出
-p 列出屬性
-u 列出屬主或UID
-g 列出所屬組或組id
-s 以字節形式列出文件大小
-h 以人性化閱讀方式列出
-D 列出修改時間
-t 以修改時間排序
-x Stay on current filesystem only.將范圍局限在現在的文件性統中。比如把home放到別的分區里，則列出/時不會列出它下面的文件。
-L level 指定深度（層數）。這個很有用。一般列出某個目錄下，文件太多了。而我們只需要看當前層目錄下或最近兩層的。就用它來指定。
-o file 輸出到指定文件。有了這個就不用重定向了。
--inodes 列出每個文件的索引點節
--device 列出其所屬的設備的設備號

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